AcornOrganic.org Database

1 Crop Production

1.2 Crop Production Aids

1.2.3 Insect and Mite Controls

Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) regulates all products designed to manage, destroy, attract or repel pests that are used, sold or imported into Canada. These products include chemicals, devices, and even organisms, and are referred to collectively as pest control products, or simply “pesticides.” The federal legislative authority for the regulation of pesticides in Canada is the Pest Control Products Act. The use of pesticides is also subject to regulation under provincial/territorial legislation.

Typically pest management strategies include a combination of tools including mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical practices. Mechanical tools include, cultivating, netting, flaming, vacuuming, row covers and hand picking. Cultural practices include, crop rotation, companion planting and mulching.

Biological and chemical practices must comply with the Pest Control Products Act. Producers interested in using these measures should ensure that they understand the federal and provincial laws in addition to their certification body’s position on each product’s use.

1.2.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (CGSB Allowed)^*

B.t. is an effective control for Lepidoptera (butterfly, skipper and moth) larvae, called caterpillers. There are few organic controls for these pests that are as effective as B.t.

B.t. products are considered safe for humans and the environment in general. These products are usually exempt from residue tolerance restrictions, days-to-harvest restrictions, and re-entry restrictions. Commercial B.t. products are prepared from Bacillus thuringiensis. There are several subspecies available, each one with an effect on a specific pest. The common subspecies are kurstaki, san diego, azawa, tennebrionis and israelensis. Various genetically manipulated strains of B.t. are also available. All these bacteria produce crystalline spores and proteins.

Caterpillars that eat these die within 2 to 5 days because of toxins released when the spores and protein crystals are dissolved by digestion in the insect mid-gut. Caterpillars stop eating within a few minutes after ingesting a lethal dose of B.t. Because of their smaller gut, B.t. is most effective on smaller (younger) larvae.

* Formulations that are genetically engineered or contain EPA List 1 or 2 inert are prohibited. Currently, the only B.t. formulations allowed for organic growers are dry powders.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI
Dipel 2XDF - kurstaki strain	Cavendish Agri Services - Multiple Locations	R	26508	Y
	Hartland Agromart Ltd.	R	26508	Y
	Koppert Canada	R	26508	Y
	United Agri Products	R	26508	Y
	Valent BioSciences Canada	R	26508	Y
Safer's B.t.k	Woodstream Canada Corporation	R	24536	N
Bioprotec ECO	AEF Global	R	27251	N

1.2.3.2 Boric Acid (CGSB Allowed)

Boric acid may be used for the control of specific pests such as ants. The use should be limited to traps, which are then properly disposed of and no direct contact with food or crops being certified is permitted.

Boric acid is available from most pharmacies and farm supply stores. It is intended for indoor use.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI	Origin
Boradust Insectide Dust	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	19480	N
Darkling Beetle Dust	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	20468	N

1.2.3.3 Diatomaceous Earth (CGSB Restricted)

Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is a pure form of silica formed from the fossil remains of algae. It has a wide range of applications, from insect control in the garden, control of insects in stored grain, to its use as a filtration agent in food processing. Diatomaceous earth particles resemble bits of broken glass and are drawn to a pest by static electricity. The sharp edges of the silica puncture the pest and kill by dehydration. If ingested by an insect, the silica disrupts the insect's breathing, digestion and reproduction.

Because the effects of DE are indiscriminate, it will kill beneficial insects as well as targeted pests. In addition, DE dust is harmful if inhaled. It must therefore be used with caution.

For use in organic systems, only non-heated forms may be used. Also be sure that no synthetic pesticides or synergists are added.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI
Barn Fresh	Western Industrial Clay Products	R	27265	Y
Diatomaceous Earth	Bio-Ag Distributors	R	26195	N
	Cleartech	R	26195	N
	Pinnacle Farms	R	26195	N
	McGeary Organics Inc	R	26195	N
Earwig Killer	Woodstream Canada Corporation	R	21341	Y
Green Earth Dust	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	21936	N

1.2.3.4 Horticultural Oil (CGSB Restricted)

Horticultural oils are mineral oils. They are allowed for use in organic production as suffocating or stylet oils on foliage and as inert ingredients. May be applied to dormant perennials. Direct application to harvested crop is prohibited. Petroleum distillates may not be used as either weed or carrot oils in organic production. Land covered with petroleum derived pavement and road oils cannot be organic for 3 years following application.

Horticultural oils have three-tiered action on soft-bodied pests such as aphids, lacebugs, mealybugs, scale, and spider mites. They suffocate insects and their eggs by covering the spiracles through which they breathe. The oils also disrupt the insect’s metabolism by interacting with its fatty acids. Horticultural oils reduce the amount of egg laying and feeding by acting as a repellent. Horticultural oils will kill beneficial insects as well as the target.

Horticultural oils are diluted to a 2% solution in water for summer application and to a 3% solution for dormant application.

Phytotoxicity is a concern with horticultural oils. To reduce the likelihood of plant reaction, producers should not apply oils during periods of plant stress. In addition, horticultural oils should not be applied when humidity levels are particularly high over extended periods of time because the slower drying time may cause leaf burn. Summer applications should not be closer than two weeks apart and should be avoided on days when the temperature exceeds 32C.

Virus spread by soft-bodied pests can be minimized by using horticultural oils; however, this is action is believed to result by delaying primary infection, not through any action on the virus itself.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI	Origin
Dormant Oil	Plant Products			N
Green Earth Horticultural Oil	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	21348	N

1.2.3.5 Insecticidal Soaps (CGSB Allowed)

Insecticidal soaps are products containing potassium or sodium salts of fatty acids. They dissolve the waxy cuticle layer of the insect, thus effectively dehydrating them. They are most commonly used against aphids and whiteflies, but will also kill earwigs, fleas, mites, thrips, and ticks. Due to their ability to dissolve waxy surfaces, they can also damage the leaves of plants if the solution is allowed to remain in contact with the plant.

Insecticidal soaps are most effective when applied directly to the target insect while avoiding open blooms. They can injure beneficial insects; however, once dry, they do not have any residual effect on non-target insects. In controlled environments, such as greenhouses, insecticidal soaps are used against pests. Afterwards beneficial insects can be introduced without the risk of residual effects.

Insecticidal soaps are generally reapplied weekly for 2-3 weeks. They will wash off with water, so if used outdoors they will have to be reapplied after each rain. Fruits and vegetables sprayed with insecticidal soaps should be washed thoroughly before being eaten.

Insecticidal soaps are readily available from most farm supply stores.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI
Green Earth Insecticidal Soap	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	21111	N
Safer's Insecticidal Soap	Terra Viva Organics	R	14669	N
Safer's Multi Purpose Insecticidal Soap	Woodstream Canada Corporation	R	22772	N

1.2.3.6 Kaolin Clay (CGSB Allowed)

Kaolin clay is a type of clay mineral that has recently been found effective when used as a foliar spray. It creates a non-toxic particle film that places a barrier between a pest and its host plant. This barrier acts as an irritant to attacking insects and its reflective properties help to disguise the plant from attack. It is important to note that only carefully processed kaolin clay combined with an adjuvant (improves adhesion to plants) can be used as a foliar spray. Non-processed kaolin clay can be phytotoxic when applied to leaves. Kaolin clay is not toxic to mammals or the environment.

In Canada, a kaolin clay product is registered for use on various pome fruits to reduce damage from a variety of pests including pear psylla, tarnished plant bug, leafrollers, leafhoppers, apple maggot, plum curculio and first generation codling moth. This product is also registered on cucurbit crops to suppress cucumber beetles. Additional studies are being conducted to determine Surround WP’s efficacy on other pests including blueberry maggot, and cranberry fruit worm . The product has received good reviews from commercial apple growers for its ability to reduce sunscald on “fair skinned” cultivars.

In dry climatic conditions, Surround WP may be quite persistent on the crop. In wet growing conditions, however, growers will need to reapply the product every 7-14 days, or sooner if a heavy rainfall occurs. Subsequent applications are also required to add coverage for new growth and compensate for wind erosion. Timing of the initial application often depends upon the pest to be controlled.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI	Origin
Surround WP	Engelhard Corporation	R	27469	Y

1.2.3.7 Nematodes (CGSB Allowed)

Nematodes are naturally occurring soil invertebrates. There are many species of these small unsegmented worms, some which attack plants, and others that are parasites of insects. It is this latter type that is now being utilized as a form of biological control against a wide-range of insect pests, such as larvae of the asparagus beetles, carrot weevils, Colorado potato beetles, cucumber beetles, flea Beetles, Japanese beetles, June beetles (white grubs), strawberry root weevils, and various tree and vine borers. The effectiveness of nematodes against target pests is due to a symbiotic bacterium that is released from the nematode after the nematodes penetrate into the insect body. The bacteria then multiply rapidly and cause insect death.

Advantages to the use of beneficial nematodes is that they are lethal to many important soil insect pests, yet do not harm beneficial organisms such as lady beetles and earthworms. Their effectiveness, which is dependent upon local environmental and soil conditions, can be quite rapid, usually killing insects within 24-48 hours. On the downside, the use of beneficial nematodes requires knowledge of the susceptible stage of the target insect. In addition, beneficial nematodes require specific conditions to be effective and must be stored and applied properly. Usually, several applications of nematodes are usually more effective than one.

Beneficial nematodes are not required to be registered for use in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency.

Products	Sources	OMRI
Nematodes - Targets fungus gnats	Terra Viva Organics	N
Entonem - Targets Sciarid Fly	Koppert Canada	N
Hortscan - Targets soilborne beetle larva	Natural Insect Control	N
Larvanem (Curculionids - mealy bugs)	Koppert Canada	N
Larvanem-M (Curculionids - mealy bugs)	Koppert Canada	N
Lawn Guardian - Targets maggots	Natural Insect Control	N
Nemasys H - Targets vine weevils	Plant Products	N
Nemasys M - Targets fungus gnats	Plant Products	N
Nems - Targets fungus gnats	Natural Insect Control	N
Scanmask - Targets beetles and fungus gnats	Natural Insect Control	N
Scia-Rid - Targets Sciarid Fly	Koppert Canada	N
Terranem (Japanese, Asian, Garden beetles)	Koppert Canada	N

1.2.3.8 Parasites and Parasitoids (CGSB Allowed)

Parasitic insects and bacteria can be introduced into an organic system to control the impact of specific target pests. Parasites usually weaken but rarely kill the host. It is parasitoids, insects that lay their eggs within or on a host, that are the more effective biological control. When the eggs hatch, the larvae then prey upon the host. As young adults they then seek out a new host into which they lay their eggs and continue the cycle.

Producers interested in using parasites must be certain about the identity of the pest they want controlled. In their larval stage many beneficial insects can be mistaken for pests. Furthermore, some parasites can target beneficials as well as pests. Parasitoids tend to be more target-specific.

Most commercial suppliers also sell the monitoring lures and traps that are necessary to evaluate the degree of infestation. These help quantify the number of beneficials to introduce into the system and the effectiveness of the control measures.

Parasites and parasitoids are not require to be registered for use in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency.

Products	Sources	OMRI
Aphelinus Abdominalis	Natural Insect Control	N
Aphibank (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Aphidius Colemani (Aphids)	Natural Insect Control	N
Aphidius-System (Aphids)	Plant Products	N
Aphilin (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Aphipar (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Bemimix (White fly)	Koppert Canada	N
Bemipar (White fly)	Koppert Canada	N
Dimnex	Koppert Canada	N
Encarsia System	Plant Products	N
Enermix (White fly)	Koppert Canada	N
En-strip (White fly)	Koppert Canada	N
Ercal (White fly)	Koppert Canada	N
Eretemix System	Plant Products	N
Eretmocerus System	Plant Products	N
Ervi-System Bigger (Aphids)	Plant Products	N
Ervibank (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Ervipar (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Fly Parasites	Insecterra	N
Hortscan - Targets soilborne beetle larva	Natural Insect Control	N
Lawn Guardian - Targets maggots	Natural Insect Control	N
Miglyphus	Koppert Canada	N
Minex	Koppert Canada	N
Minusa	Koppert Canada	N
Nems - Targets fungus gnats	Natural Insect Control	N
Scanmask - Targets beetles and fungus gnats	Natural Insect Control	N
Terranem (Japanese, Asian, Garden beetles)	Koppert Canada	N
Tricho-Strip	Koppert Canada	N
Trichogramma	Insecterra	N
Trichogramma P-System	Plant Products	N

1.2.3.9 Pathogens (CGSB Allowed)

Beneficial pathogens are living organisms that benefit plant production through reducing pest populations. These may include various species of viruses, bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis), fungi (Beauvaria bassiana), protozoa, and nematodes.

These are all acceptable in certified organic systems; however, the use of genetically modified organisms is prohibited, so are materials that contain prohibited inert ingredients.

1.2.3.10 Pheromones (CGSB Allowed)

Pheromones are chemicals released by an insect (or other animal) that enable it to communicate with members of its own species. There are many different types of insect pheromones. Some are used to signal danger to other insects. Many others are sex attractants, spread by one sex (usually the female) to lure potential mates. The use of insect pheromones (or their chemical relatives) has had a major impact on pest control strategies.

There are two major approaches to the use of pheromones as insect control. Pheromones can be spread over a large area to effectively confuse the males, thus reducing the occurrence of successful matings. Pheromones can also be used as a sex attractant for either trapping or monitoring purposes.

Although pheromones may be synthetically derived, they are still acceptable under organic standards. They are species-specific and non-toxic, with no impact on non-target species.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI
Blackheaded Fireworm	3M Canada	R	25880	N
Card Trap	Phero Tech			N
Delta Trap	Natural Insect Control			N
	Phero Tech			N
Diamond Trap	Phero Tech			N
Fruit Boost (Queen Mandibular Pheromone)	Phero Tech			N
Funnel Trap 4	Phero Tech			N
Grapeberry Moth	3M Canada	R	26517	N
Isomate	Pacific Biocontrol			N
Japanese Beetle Trap	Natural Insect Control			N
Leafroller	3M Canada	R	27216	N
MSTRS BHFW - Blackheaded Fireworm	MSTRS Technologies			Y
MSTRS ECB-2 - European cornborer	MSTRS Technologies			Y
MSTRS OFM - Oriental Fruit Moth	MSTRS Technologies			Y
MSTRS SS - Sparganothis fruitworm	MSTRS Technologies			Y
Nasonov - Swarm Catch	Phero Tech			N
Pink Boll Worm	3M Canada	R	25676	N
Rhagoletis Yellow Sticky Trap	Phero Tech			N
Sticky Roll	Phero Tech			N
Tomato Pinworm	3M Canada	R	26228	N
Tomato Pinworm	3M Canada	R	27335	N
UniTrap	Phero Tech			N
Varroa Mite Trap	Phero Tech			N
Vernon Beetle Trap	Phero Tech			N
Wing Trap	Phero Tech			N
Wing Trap II	Phero Tech			N

1.2.3.11 Piperonyl butoxide (CGSB Prohibited)

Piperonyl butoxide is an insecticidal synergist derived from the sesame plant. Despite its natural origins, it undergoes substantial molecular change during its extraction and processing. For this reason it is prohibited from use in organic systems.

By itself piperonyl butoxide is a relatively weak insecticide; however, as a synergist it deactivates an insect’s ability to breakdown toxins, making the insect highly susceptible to other insecticides. This characteristic has led to piperonyl butoxide being used as an ingredient in many brand name insecticides – it is very common in pyrethrum products. Producers must examine labels carefully and avoid products that contain piperonyl butoxide.

Chronic exposure of humans to piperonyl butoxide is believed to damage the nervous system.

1.2.3.12 Predators (CGSB Allowed)

There is a wide variety of animals and insects that prey upon other species at various stages of their development. Some, like chickens and ducks, can be kept and controlled by fencing. Others, like snakes and toads, are free ranging and will be attracted to a location if conditions are favourable. Still others, such as lacewings and ladybugs, can be purchased commercially and introduced into an organic system.

Predatory insects should not be indiscriminantly introduced. The problem pest should be correctly identified and the degree of infestation should be understood. Producers considering the introduction of predators into their farm or greenhouse operation should discuss their situation with their local agricultural representatives and commercial suppliers.

Predatory insects are not required to be registered for use in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency.

Products	Sources	OMRI
Amblyseius (Mites)	Plant Products	N
Aphi-rid (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Aphidalia (Aphid)	Koppert Canada	N
Aphidend (Aphid)	Koppert Canada	N
Aphidoletes Aphidimyza (Aphids)	Natural Insect Control	N
Chrysopa (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Dicybug (Spider mites, white fly, thrips)	Koppert Canada	N
Entomite-A (Thrips, sciarid fly, bulb mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Entomite-M (Thrips, sciarid fly, bulb mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Harmonia Axyridis (Aphids)	Natural Insect Control	N
Harmonia (Aphids)	Plant Products	N
Hypoaspis (Spring tales, thrips, sciarid flies)	Plant Products	N
Lacewings (Mealybugs, scale, spider mites, thrips)	Insecterra	N
	Terra Viva Organics	N
	Natural Insect Control	N
Lady Bugs (Aphids)	Terra Viva Organics	N
Mirical (White fly, spider mites, thrips)	Koppert Canada	N
Mirical-N (Spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Orius-System (Thrips)	Plant Products	N
Phytoseiulus-System (Spider mites)	Plant Products	N
Podisus (Loopers, potato bugs, hornworm, armyworm)	Plant Products	N
Praying Mantis (Beetles, leaf hoppers, hornworms)	Natural Insect Control	N
Predatory Mites (Spider mites)	Terra Viva Organics	N
Spical (Spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Spidend (Spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Spidex (Spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Stethorus (Spider mites)	Plant Products	N
Syrphidend (Aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Therodiplosis (Spider mites)	Plant Products	N
Thripans (Thrips, spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Thripex (Thrips, spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Thripex-Plus (Thrips, spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Thripex-V (Thrips, spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Thripor-I (Thrips, spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Thripor-L (Thrips, spider mites)	Koppert Canada	N
Thripor-M (Thrips, spider mites, aphids)	Koppert Canada	N
Cryptobug (Mealybug)	Koppert Canada	N

1.2.3.13 Pyrethrum (CGSB Restricted)

The term “pyrethrum” refers to the powder made from the dried flowers of the African Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) or less commonly from Persian Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum coccineum). The term “pyrethrin”, on the other hand, refer to the insecticidal components occurring naturally in the powder. Containers of pyrethrum products will therefore list pyrethrin as the active ingredient. There are also synthetic derivatives of the pyrethrum flower that have been developed as insecticides (pyrethrin, pyrethroid, or permethrin). Only the naturally occurring pyrethrin is allowed under organic standards. To add even more confusion, products containing the pyrethrin that would normally be acceptable in organic systems may also contain the prohibited piperonyl butoxide, which is frequently added as a synergist. Some liquid formulations may also contain prohibited inert ingredients; so read the label carefully.

Pyrethrin is a non-selective contact insecticide which is often used in combination with other agents because of its quick action upon the nervous system of the insect. This does not always kill the insect but rather has a “knockdown effect”. The product effecacy is derived from the complementary insecticidal ingredient (usually oil or soap).

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI	Origin
Safer's End All	Woodstream Canada Corporation	R	26587	N
Safer's Trounce Yard & Garden Insecticide	Woodstream Canada Corporation	R	20564	N

1.2.3.14 Repellents (CGSB Restricted)

As their name suggests, repellents are crops or products that are used for their odour to repel pests. Odour-emitting repellent products such as predator scents are permitted providing synthetic additives are not used. Blood meal (check with certifying body), rotten eggs, or hair are usually permitted. Repellent crops are sometimes used by home gardeners as a form of companion planting, and may be based more on folklore than scientific fact. Some examples include the planting of wormwood or tomatoes to repel flea beetles from cabbage family plants or radishes planted in companion with cucumber or squash to repel cucumber beetles.

There are no repellents that are acceptable for use within an organic system and that are registered for use in Canada by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency.

1.2.3.15 Rotenone (CGSB Restricted)

Rotenone is a natural extract from several tropical and subtropical rotenoid-bearing plants. Rotenone is soluble in a variety of organic solvents but is virtually insoluble in water. Rotenone is toxic to fish because it interferes with their ability to take in oxygen. It is an unstable compound that breaks down quickly when exposed to sunlight and higher temperatures.

In organic systems it is used to control infestations of insects that chew leaves because it must be ingested to be effective; however, it will kill non-target insects that chew leaves as well.

According the Canadian national standards, if rotenone is used, it must be in conjunction with a bio-rational pest management program, and cannot be the primary method of pest control in the farm plan. The least toxic botanicals must be used in the least ecologically disruptive way possible. All label restrictions and directions need to be followed including restrictions concerning crops, livestock, target pests, safety precautions, pre-harvest intervals and worker re-entry.

Rotenone is available from most farm supply stores.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI
Green Earth Rotenone Insect Dust	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	21350	N
Green Earth Rotenone Insect Spray	Nu-Gro Corporation	R	21349	N
Rotenone Garden Dust	Later Chemicals	R	4103	N
Safer's Rotenone Garden Dust	Woodstream Canada	R	21422	N

1.2.3.20 Spinosad ^*

The word Spinosad is derived from the soil-dwelling bacterium that produces it, called Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Some spinosad products are registered in Canada for the control of several insect larvae including, cabbage loopers, imported cabbage worms, diamondback moths, European corn borers on various vegetables, and spanworms in fruit crops, Colorado potato beetle on potatoes, and oblique-banded leafrollers in pome fruits. This broad spectrum larvaecide causes a rapid excitation of the insect nervous system, leading to involuntary muscle contractions, prostration with tremors, and paralysis. The insecticide has a rapid contact and ingestion activity. Insects will cease feeding and paralysis may occur a few minutes after ingestion, resulting in insect death one to three days after ingestion. For optimal results, since this insecticide controls larvae, it is recommended to apply the product when insect thresholds are reached and when peak egg hatch is occurring.

The spinosad products are considered to have low toxicity to mammals, birds, fish and crustaceans, however, it is highly toxic to bees. Avoid direct application and spray drift onto bees and bee colonies. Also avoid using the product when crop is in full bloom.

It is important to note that proper resistance management strategies are recommended because within any insect population there are individuals that may already be resistant to the active ingredient. Repetitive treatments with the same product may encourage the proliferation of these individuals. Rotating spinosad (group 5 insecticide) with another insecticide from a different chemical group is highly recommended. Bt products may be a good option to alternate with spinosad products, depending on the crop and targeted insect.

Spinosad products have been shown to have favourable control on flea beetles and thrips.

* Organic growers are required to use spinosad product formulations approved for organic production.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI
Conserve 120 SC	Dow AgroSciences	R	27278	Y
Conserve 480 SC	Dow AgroSciences	R	26834	Y
Entrust 80W	Dow AgroSciences	R	27825	Y

1.2.3.21 Traps And Barriers (CGSB Allowed)

Traps offer another pest control strategy and are popular for organic greenhouse producers and those with market gardens. Pest traps are often based on luring their prey by visual (using colour or light), sexual (using pest-specific pheromones), or dietary (using preferred insect foods and then trapping them by use of sticky substances).

Barriers are meant to keep pests away from crops and, therefore, work only if they are in place prior to the arrival of the pests. Crawling pest barriers include troughs or trenches that surround the crop (often including diatomaceous earth as an added deterrent). Floating row covers have variable water and light permeability. They are barriers that are placed over seedlings to protect them from damage to their foliage early in the season and removed when plants are large enough to withstand damage or begin flowering. Aphids, cucumber beetles, cabbage root maggots, cutworms and armyworms, Colorado potato beetles, flea beetles, and leafhoppers are often prevented from attacting the plant by floating row covers.

Products	Sources	OMRI
Hopperfinder	Turf Logic	N
Apple Maggot Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
Blueberry Maggot Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
Card Trap	Phero Tech	N
Coddling Moth Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
Delta Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
	Phero Tech	N
Diamond Trap	Phero Tech	N
Fly Banquet	Natural Insect Control	N
Fly Tape	Natural Insect Control	N
Fruit Fly Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
Funnel Trap 4	Phero Tech	N
Glue Board	Natural Insect Control	N
Green Earth Tree Guard	Nu-Gro Corporation	N
Horiver (Aphids, leaf miners, thrips, sciarids)	Koppert Canada	N
Horiver-Tr.	Koppert Canada	N
Japanese Beetle Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
Nasonov - Swarm Catch	Phero Tech	N
Pheromone Lures	Natural Insect Control	N
Rhagoletis Yellow Sticky Trap	Phero Tech	N
Rollertrap (white fly, leaf miner, aphids, thrips)	Koppert Canada	N
Solar Trap	Natural Insect Control	N
Sticky Roll	Phero Tech	N
Sticky Traps	Terra Viva Organics	N
Sticky Traps - Lygus Bugs	Natural Insect Control	N
Tanglefoot	Natural Insect Control	N
Traps & Lures	Manbico Biological	N
UniTrap	Phero Tech	N
Varroa Mite Trap	Phero Tech	N
Vernon Beetle Trap	Phero Tech	N
Wing Trap	Phero Tech	N
Wing Trap II	Phero Tech	N

1.2.3.22 Viruses

Viral sprays such as nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and granulosis virus (GV) have been commercially used to control armyworms, gypsy moths, and potato tuberworms. Currently in Canada, there are no NPV products approved by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency for agricultural use.

Products	Sources	PMRA	PCP#	OMRI	Origin
Virosoft CP4 Granulovirus - Codling Moth	Biotepp Inc	R	26533	Y

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